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Reading Development

Aprender a ler envolve o desenvolvimento do pensamento, da coordenação motora, da audição, da fala, da escrita e de muitas outras habilidades.

A lista abaixo mostra as idades aproximadas em que as habilidades começam a surgir. Algumas crianças podem demonstrá-las mais cedo e outras muito mais tarde.

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reading to baby

Ages 0-12 Months

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  • Understands 50 words or more, including words for common items, like "cup," "shoe," or "juice"

  • Understands simple requests and instructions, like "Come here" or "Please drink your milk"

  • Makes sounds to try to repeat your words and speech sounds

  • Starts using hands and eyes in coordination, such as reaching for book, grasps book, and brings to mouth

  • Sits in lap with head steady without support

  • Responds to stories and pictures by vocalizing and patting the pictures

  • Begins to babble, saying "ma," "ba," "da"

  • Answers simple questions nonverbally, like nods or shakes head

  • Watches the face of a person who's talking to them when they speak

  • Smiles, coos, and babbles in a speech-like way

  • Responds to changes in the emotion of the tone of your voice

  • Reaches for and plays with objects, such as board books and alphabet blocks

  • Prefers the human face, especially baby faces, to all other patterns, such as objects or animals

  • Follows moving things with eyes from side to side

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reading to toddler

Ages 1-2 Years

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  • Knows the correct way to hold and handle a book

  • Recites parts of frequently read stories

  • Verbalizes desires and feelings, like "I want cookie" or "more milk"

  • Asks one- to two-word questions, such as "Go bye-bye?"

  • Enjoys being read to

  • Gives book to an adult to read when they want to hear a story

  • Has a favorite book and requests it to be read often, again and again

  • No longer puts book in mouth right away

  • Points to pictures to identify objects when asked, "Where is...?"

  • Recognizes the covers and knows the names of their favorite books

  • Recognizes and tries to name familiar objects in storybooks with adult help

  • Starts pretending to read by turning pages and making up stories

  • Tries to imitate simple words

  • Turns board book pages, several at a time

  • Carries book while crawling and walking around the house

  • Begins to associate words they hear frequently with what the words mean

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reading to preschooler

Ages 2-3 Years

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  • Begins to pay attention to specific print, such as the letters in their name

  • Knows their first and last name, refers to self by name, and uses "me" and "mine"

  • Learns to turn paper pages, 2-3 pages at a time

  • Begins to name objects based on descriptions

  • Points to common objects when they're named

  • Pretends to read to dolls and stuffed animals

  • Protests when an adult gets a word wrong in a familiar story

  • Reads familiar books to self

  • Recites whole phrases and sometimes whole stories, but may confuse facts

  • Scribbles with a purpose, like trying to draw or write something

  • Uses imagination to create and tell stories

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reading to child

Ages 3-5 Years

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  • Asks and answers simple "Who" What" Where" and "Why" questions

  • Begins to attend to beginning or rhyming sounds in words, like in "Peter, Peter, Pumpkin Eater: Peter Eater"

  • Can recognize and identify about half the letters of the alphabet, especially those in their own name

  • Enjoys rhyming and nonsense words

  • Makes symbols that resemble writing

  • Sings the alphabet song with prompting and cues

  • Turns paper pages one at a time, and from left to right

  • Understands sentences involving time concepts, like "Grandma is coming tomorrow."

  • Begins to notice words that rhyme

  • Identifies familiar signs and labels, especially on signs and containers

  • Moves finger along text

  • Start matching letter sounds to letters, like knowing the sound "B" makes

  • Understands that print is read from left-to-right and top-to-bottom

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reading to child

Ages 4-5 Years

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  • Can recognize and begin to write their own name

  • Follows three instructions given at one time ("Put the toys away. Wash your hands, and come eat dinner.")

  • Lists items that belong in a category, such as several different animals and types of vehicles

  • Names some colors and some numbers

  • Sings a song or says a poem from memory, such as "The Itsy Bitsy Spider" or "The Wheels on the Bus"

  • Speech is understandable but makes mistakes pronouncing long, difficult words such as "hippopotamus"

  • Starts to copy some capital letters

  • Understands comparatives, like loud, louder, and loudest

  • Understands sequencing of events when clearly explained, like "First, we plug the drain, then we run the water, and finally we take a bath."

  • Understands spatial concepts such as "behind" and "next to"

  • Understands the idea of "same" and "different"

  • Uses some irregular past tense verbs such as "ran" and "fell"

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Ages 5+ Years

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  • Creates rhyming words by changing the beginning sound, like changing rat to sat

  • Enjoys being read to

  • Identifies initial, final, and middle sounds in short words

  • Recognizes all letters and matches each letter to the sound it represents

  • Recognizes some familiar words in print

  • Starts to recognize some words by sight without having to sound them out

  • Uses descriptive language to explain or to ask questions, like "Where is black dog?"

  • Writes some letters, numbers, and words

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